Techno-Economic and Statistical Assessment of Agricultural Flours for Bacterial Cellulose Production by Komagataeibacter xylinus

Nitrogen supplements such as yeast extract and peptone/tryptone are the main cost drivers in bacterial cellulose (BC) fermentation. This study evaluated fourteen cereal, pseudo-cereal and legume flours as media substitutes for <i>Komagataeibacter xylinus</i> DSMZ 2325 using two strategies: (i) constant total nitrogen (CTN; 0.6 g·L^-1) and (ii) constant nitrogen-source mass (CNSM; 5.0 g·L^-1). BC yield (dry g·L^-1) was determined under static cultivation and analyzed by ANOVA, correlation statistics and techno-economic assessment. Flour type and substitution level significantly influenced BC production (<i>p</i> < 0.05). CTN substitution enhanced production, with the highest peak yields obtained for W-BC, C-BC, M-BC and SP-BC (6.68-8.97 g·L^-1). CNSM substitution limited production, with O-BC and T-BC performing best (4.24-5.14 g·L^-1). Techno-economic analysis further showed that the CTN regime substantially improved cost efficiency and reduced BC unit production cost, with the maximum reduction observed for TR-BC at 75% substitution (from 0.27 to 0.08 €/g; 70.37%) relative to the corresponding CTN HS control. Under the CNSM regime, the maximum reduction was observed for BY-BC at 50% substitution (from 0.25 to 0.07 €/g; 72.00%) relative to the corresponding CNSM HS control. These findings demonstrate that graded nitrogen substitution is an effective strategy for economically sustainable and scalable BC production.