Endoscopic transnasal approach to pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa: case series utilizing endoscopic modified medial maxillectomy (EMMM)/direct approach to the anterior and lateral part of the maxillary sinus (DALMA)

Combining EMMM and DALMA approaches provides a safe and minimally invasive option for treating lesions extending laterally into the ITF and PPF. Dual-portal configuration appears to improve instrument maneuverability and facilitate more extensive resection, thereby potentially expanding the applicability of ETS.