Deduction of Back Pain Patients Using EMG Technology and Inertial Sensors During Functional Tests

Low back pain (LBP) represents an immense economic burden, with a lifetime prevalence of up to 84%. However, conventional diagnostic methods such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or X-rays provide only limited information about the pathogenesis and specific pain-related functional limitations. Wearable inertial sensors (IMU) and electromyography sensors (EMG) offer an expanded spectrum for the targeted identification and diagnosis of LBP. The aim of the study is to develop and evaluate a standardized multi-sensor functional assessment protocol for the subcategorization of functional deficits in LBP. Based on a systematic literature review, a standardized and objectively measurable functional LBP assessment protocol was defined that tests fatigue resistance, neuromuscular control, lumbopelvic stability, and global trunk musculature. Subsequently, 38 individuals were recruited in a prospective cross-sectional study and divided into three groups: "healthy," "mild pain," and "severe pain." These individuals underwent an assessment. The two pain groups differed significantly from the symptom-free individuals in all previously defined functional levels. In addition, the two pain groups also differed significantly from each other. The functional assessment, which incorporates IMUs and EMG sensors as central diagnostic elements, enables the identification of functional deficits and associated neuromuscular characteristics, thus enabling individualized therapy.