Optimizing Rhizosphere Iron Plaque for Nano-Enabled Sustainable Agriculture

Rhizosphere iron plaque (IP), a naturally formed Fe-oxyhydroxide layer on plant roots, is now recognized as a nanoengineerable interface. Recent advances in understanding the physicochemical and biological processes of IP formation enable deliberate regulation of the root-soil interface and inspire nanoenabled strategies for agricultural and climate challenges. This review synthesizes insights into IP dynamics to inform the rational design of nanoenabled approaches that mimic, reinforce, or modulate these natural architectures. We discuss the multifaceted roles of IP in driving iron redox reactions, strengthening plant-microbe symbioses, and regulating C/N biogeochemical cycles─key processes that collectively contribute to crop productivity, soil remediation, and greenhouse-gas mitigation. We further illustrate how nanoenabled IP formation can overcome the hydrological and species-dependent constraints of conventional IP, extending its applicability from flooded paddies to nonflooded conditions. Finally, a research roadmap is proposed for advancing nanobiogeo interface engineering, driving innovations in nanoagroecology and promoting the transition to climate-friendly agroecosystems.