Treatment Complications Analysis of Zygomatic Complex Fractures: A Retrospective Study

The study aimed to identify factors associated with treatment complications in zygomatic complex fractures (ZCF) through statistical analysis of clinical and radiologic data, providing evidence-based guidance for clinical management. Clinical records, CT scans, and follow-up data of ZCF patients treated between 2013 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Key clinical features were extracted based on previous epidemiological studies. Distribution of baseline information, univariate analysis, and multivariate logistic regression were conducted to assess factors associated with treatment complications. A total of 686 ZCF patients were included with a mean age of 36.5±12.8 years and a male-to-female ratio of 2.2:1. The average injury duration was 13.6 days. Traffic accidents were the leading cause of injury (53.8%), and type B fractures were the most common (56.9%). Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was the primary treatment, with 3-point fixation being the most frequent method. Complications occurred in 159 patients (23.18%), with facial asymmetry, enophthalmos, and infraorbital nerve injury being the most prevalent. Univariate analysis identified injury duration, fracture type, concomitant fractures, orbital floor defects, soft tissue injuries, treatment modality, surgical approach, fixation location and quantity, and adherence to ORIF principles as significant factors (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression confirmed comminuted fractures, old fractures, orbital floor defects, and ORIF principles as independent predictors of complications (P<0.05). The study indicated that injury duration, fracture types, multiple injuries, treatment modalities, surgical approaches, and fixation plans significantly impact the rate of complication in ZCF patients. Comprehensive clinical and radiologic evaluation, accurate classification, and precise treatment management are essential for optimizing treatment outcomes.