Immune-Mediated Colitis Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Pathophysiology, Clinical Management, and the Emerging Role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
IMC is a complex and potentially severe complication of ICI therapy that necessitates early recognition, accurate grading, and individualized, multidisciplinary management. Severity-guided treatment, timely escalation to biologics, and careful balancing of immunosuppression with antitumor efficacy are essential for optimal outcomes. Future research should focus on biomarker validation, microbiome-targeted therapies, and prospective trials to refine therapeutic algorithms and define the optimal role and timing of FMT in clinical practice.
Authors
- Dinko Bekić (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2941-4472)
- Josip Stojić (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5949-0513)
- Matej Paić (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2246-3033)
- Ivona Saric (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-4119)
- Željka Belošić Halle (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3323-7640)
- Sanda Mustapić (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0333-2329)
- Krešimir Luetić
- Marin Golčić (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3388-4813)
- Ivna Akrapovic Olic (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-7350)
- Iva Skočilić (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7143-8208)
- Laura Radoš
- Melanija Ražov Radas
- Jasna Radić
- Vedran Tomasic
- Petra Cacic
- Alen Biscanin
- Domagoj Micetic
- Irena Krznaric Zrnic
- Ivana Mikolasevic
- Juraj Prejac
Institutions
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb (HR)
- University of Rijeka (HR)
- University of Zagreb (HR)
- University Hospital Dubrava (HR)
- Klinička bolnica "Sveti Duh" (HR)
- Psychiatric Hospital Sveti Ivan (HR)
- Catholic University of Croatia (HR)
- Klinička bolnica Merkur (HR)
- Sisters of Charity Hospital (HR)
- as2con (Croatia) (HR)
- University of Zadar (HR)
- University of Split (HR)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Biomedicines
- Published
- 2026-03-16
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030683
- Primary Topic
- Microscopic Colitis
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00