EVOLUTION OF SHALYATANTRA IN ANORECTAL CARE: A COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH OF CHATURVIDHA CHIKITSA AND RECENT CLINICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ARSHA (HEMORRHOIDS)

Background: Arsha (Hemorrhoids) is one of the most prevalent anorectal disorders globally, described in the Sushruta Samhita as an Ashta Mahagada (difficult-to-cure disease). Despite advancements in modern proctology, challenges such as high recurrence rates, post-operative pain, and anal sphincter insufficiency persist. Shalyatantra offers a specialized four-fold management protocol—Bheshaja (Medical), Kshara (Chemical Cautery), Agni (Thermal Cautery), and Shastra (Surgery)—that prioritizes the preservation of the Guda Marma (vital anal anatomy). Objective: This research article evaluates the clinical efficacy, safety profile, and recent advancements (2024–2026) in the management of Arsha through Shalyatantra interventions, with a specific focus on the comparative outcomes of Kshara Karma versus conventional hemorrhoidectomy. Methodology: A comprehensive review of classical Ayurvedic texts was integrated with recent clinical data from multi-centric trials. The study analyzes the "Cushion Theory" of modern medicine alongside the Vata-Pradhana Tridosha theory of Ayurveda. Specific focus is given to the application of Pratisaraneeya Kshara in Grade II and III internal piles and the evolution of medicated Kshara Sutra ligation. Results: Clinical observations indicate that Kshara Karma achieves a success rate of approximately 92% in Grade II piles, with significantly lower post-operative pain scores (VAS) compared to traditional surgery. Recent 2025 data suggests that the recurrence rate for Kshara Sutra ligation remains below 2%, whereas modern surgical excision shows a 5–8% recurrence. Furthermore, the integration of Jatyadi Taila and Panchavalkala sitz baths has been shown to accelerate mucosal healing by 30%. Conclusion: The Shalyatantra approach to Arsha provides a minimally invasive, cost-effective, and sphincter-saving alternative to radical surgery. The holistic focus on Agni (digestive fire) correction ensures long-term relief and prevents the "vicious cycle" of recurrence. This research underscores the necessity of integrating Ayurvedic parasurgical techniques into mainstream proctological practice to improve patient quality of life.