Teachers' professional development on self-efficacy, attitudes, and digital competencies in the digital era

To meet the needs of technology-rich teaching environments, the importance of teachers' digital competencies is widely acknowledged. Given the teachers' limited integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in their teaching practice, this study highlights the need for Professional Development (PD) programs for teachers. This study provides a systematic review of the literature to examine the moderating role of Teachers' Professional Development (TPD) in the relationships between teachers' self-efficacy, attitudes, and their digital competencies. Based on the analysis of 21 articles from diverse educational contexts, this study highlights the important role of TPD in enhancing teachers' confidence and positive attitudes, aiming at their digital competencies. Moreover, the study identifies challenges such as time requirements, contextual factors, and limitations in current TPD programs. Future research is encouraged to provide tailored TPD programs to prepare teachers to integrate digital tools in the classroom better.