Factors Influencing Mental Health and Spiritual Well-Being among Individuals Experiencing Homelessness

HRMARS - Background: Mental health among the homeless population remains a critical public health concern, often exacerbated by systemic marginalization and environmental stressors. While clinical interventions focus on psychological symptoms, the role of spiritual well-being as a protective factor is frequently overlooked. Objective: This study aims to identify the environmental, social, and internal factors that shape the mental and spiritual health of individuals experiencing homelessness with a specific focus on the role of religious knowledge and practice. Methodology: Adopting a qualitative approach, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 Malaysian respondents (aged 18–60) in the Chow Kit area of Kuala Lumpur. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, guided by the principles of data saturation and member checking. Findings: The results indicate that homelessness functions as a chronic stressor that degrades mental stability through hypervigilance and social isolation. However, spiritual well-being acts as a vital "psychological buffer." Key themes identified include religion as a tool for self-regulation (sabar), the therapeutic power of ritual prayer (solat), and the role of theological acceptance (redha) in mitigating existential despair. Respondents utilized religious literacy to reframe their hardships as divine trials, fostering resilience. Conclusion: The study concludes that spiritual well-being is an essential determinant of mental health for the homeless. Policy recommendations include the integration of "Spiritual First Aid" and culturally congruent psychological support within existing social welfare frameworks. A holistic care model addressing the physical, mental, and spiritual is necessary for the long-term recovery of marginalized urban populations.