Mechanism of action and clinical application of autophagy in multiple sclerosis (Review)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive, long‑term disorder affecting the central nervous system. The management and treatment of MS require significant medical resources, placing a heavy burden on both individuals and society. Autophagy is essential for the degradation of dysfunctional or excess cellular components. In the context of MS, autophagy exhibits dual roles, both protective and detrimental. On one hand, it mitigates disease progression by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. On the other hand, autophagy activates various immune and supportive cells pivotal in MS pathogenesis. This review aims to explore the relationship between autophagy and MS, its impact on disease progression and the current challenges in this field.