Chitosan–Alginate Seed Encrusting Enhances Salt Tolerance in Sweet Corn

ABSTRACT Soil salinity is one of the most critical factors limiting global crop productivity, significantly hampering seed germination and early seedling development. This study examined the effects of seed treatment with chitosan and sodium alginate (NaAlg) on seedling growth and physiological responses of sweet corn ( Zea mays L. saccharata ) under different salinity conditions. The experiment was arranged as a two‐factor factorial in a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The first factor involved bio‐based treatments (untreated control, 0.5% chitosan, 0.75% chitosan, 1% NaAlg, and 1.5% NaAlg). The second factor included four salinity levels (0, 25, 50, and 100 mM NaCl) in pot setups. Results showed that seed treatment with 0.5% chitosan significantly increased seedling emergence percentage and rate while decreasing emergence time, mainly by improving biochemical and ionic properties. Notably, encrusted seeds accumulated higher levels of proline and soluble sugars, aiding osmotic adjustment and energy supply during early growth. Additionally, lower levels of H 2 O 2 and MDA indicated decreased oxidative stress, while higher chlorophyll content maintained photosynthetic capacity. Nutrient analysis revealed increased uptake of N, P, and K + and reduced Na + accumulation, indicating better ion balance. These biochemical and physiological improvements led to higher seedling vigor compared to untreated seeds, which experienced nutrient loss, increased Na + toxicity, and disrupted metabolism. Overall, these findings suggest that seed treatment with chitosan and NaAlg improves salinity tolerance in sweet corn. By coordinating osmoprotectants, antioxidant defenses, and nutrient regulation, ultimately enhancing seedling establishment in saline soils.