Sustainable Integration of Offshore Wind Energy with Green Ammonia Production Systems

Green ammonia is increasingly recognised as a sustainability enabler for decarbonising fertiliser production, energy storage, and maritime transport, but offshore wind-to-ammonia pathways remain subject to significant economic and operational uncertainty. This study evaluated the techno-economic and sustainability performance of integrating power-to-ammonia (PtA) with an operating offshore wind farm in Denmark under three supply-chain scenarios (SCs): SC1, a fully offshore PtA with vessel-based ammonia transport; SC2, a fully offshore PtA with pipeline export; and SC3, a hybrid offshore–onshore configuration. An hourly dispatch framework allocated wind electricity between grid export and ammonia production by comparing incremental operating margins, while accounting for minimum-load, ramping, storage, and logistics constraints. Hourly wind generation and DK1 electricity-price data for 2020–2025 are used to construct a deterministic base case and a 30-year block-bootstrap Monte Carlo analysis. Sensitivity analysis is performed by varying electrolyser rated power over 10–200 MW and ammonia selling price over 1400–3200 €/tNH3, with additional breakeven-price estimation and flexibility cases based on reduced minimum-load requirements and faster ramping. A screening-level climate indicator was additionally reported by estimating potential CO2 emissions avoided if delivered green ammonia displaces conventional natural-gas-based ammonia. Results indicated that SC3 is the most favourable configuration under the adopted assumptions, while overall project viability remained highly sensitive to PtA sizing, ammonia market value, operational flexibility, and the assumed infrastructure cost structure.