Design, simulation, and comparative evaluation of charging strategies for electric vehicles

Efficient and reliable charging strategies are essential for improving the performance, lifetime, and safety of modern battery energy storage systems, particularly under diverse operating conditions. This study presents a systematic analysis and comparative evaluation of three representative charging approaches: the Constant-Current (CC) method, the Pulse Charging method, and the Multistage Constant-Current (MSCC) method, each investigated at different C-rates. The mathematical principles and operational mechanisms of these methods are first introduced, followed by the development of a simulation model. Performance evaluation is conducted in terms of critical indicators, including temperature rise, charging time, and terminal voltage dynamics. The results indicate that the MSCC method achieves a more favorable balance between charging efficiency and thermal management compared to conventional techniques. Furthermore, the Taguchi optimization method is employed to determine the optimal charging parameters within the MSCC framework, thereby enhancing overall performance and safety. These findings underscore the potential of combining advanced charging strategies with systematic optimization techniques to improve battery management systems and support the development of next-generation energy storage technologies.