Exploring the multifunctional role of wetlands in supporting rural livelihoods in the Sonapur Revenue Circle of Assam, India

Abstract This study investigates the crucial role of wetlands in supporting the livelihoods of rural communities in the Sonapur Revenue Circle of Assam, India. Using a mixed-methods approach, including field observations, household surveys covering 100% households, oral interviews, and participatory techniques, this research, conducted in 2022 explores how the local communities rely on these wetlands for various socio-economic activities such as fishing, agriculture, and livestock management. The findings highlight that about 70% of the total households depend directly or indirectly on wetland-based resources for income. Fishing constitutes a major livelihood activity, with approximately 27.9% of households harvesting 10–50 kg of fish per bigha per year, and 18.6% harvesting 50–100 kg. However, despite this level of engagement, 52% of wetland-dependent households earn less than ₹15,000 annually from wetland-based activities. Fish and edible wild plants continue to be important food sources, with nearly 75% of households using wetland plants for food. However, the composite food security index declines from 3.62 in 2002 to 2.70 in 2022 indicating an overall decreased reliance on the wetland resources for food security. The study calls for the adoption of community-based wetland management strategies, eco-sensitive sanitation practices, and gender-inclusive approaches to empower women engaged in wetland resource harvesting. The research underscores the need for local development policies that integrate wetland conservation to ensure the continued support of livelihoods and ecosystem health in Sonapur Circle.