Metabolism-specific drug-repurposing screen reveals itraconazole as a potent OXPHOS inhibitor in acute myeloid leukaemia

Targeting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) enhances the effects of standard chemotherapy and overcomes treatment resistance in pre-clinical models of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). So far, the few clinically available OXPHOS inhibitors have shown adverse effects or limited potency in clinical trials, therefore, identification of safe and effective drugs that can target mitochondrial metabolism in AML is critical. Here, we performed a high-throughput drug-repurposing screen, designed to identify clinically applicable OXPHOS-specific inhibitors through nutrient sensing. We uncover itraconazole, an FDA-approved antifungal compound, as a potent OXPHOS inhibitor in AML cells. Mechanistically, through stable isotope-assisted metabolomics and functional studies, we reveal that CYP51A1, which is part of the cytochrome P450 family and the prime target of azole antifungals, is involved in mitochondrial respiration and ETC complex I activity in AML cells. Critically, we demonstrate that itraconazole and related azole antifungals interfere with tricarboxylic acid cycle activity and inhibit OXPHOS through the inhibition of electron transport chain complex I activity. Over-expression of yeast NADH dehydrogenase-1 (NDI1) restored mitochondrial NADH oxidation and complex I activity upon itraconazole treatment. Using patient-derived cells and pre-clinical xenograft models, we demonstrate that itraconazole targets therapy-resistant leukaemic stem cells (LSCs) when used in combination with cytarabine, highlighting the repurposing potential for itraconazole as a clinically safe and effective therapeutic option for AML LSC eradication.