Importance of ecological dimensions in the Indian cosmic order with special reference to the Vedas and Buddhist philosophy

The cosmic order has been a central concern of Indian religious and philosophical thought since the earliest stages of intellectual inquiry. This theme encompasses multiple dimensions due to varied interpretations, but this paper focuses specifically on the ecological dimensions of Vedic and Buddhist teachings as integral components of the cosmic order. Vedic philosophy contains numerous concepts conducive to environmental protection. Its polytheistic understanding of divinity reflects ecological awareness. The Rig Vedic hymns indicate that early people revered environmental phenomena and deified forces such as Maruth, Varuna, Agni, and Ushas. Humans first acknowledged these phenomena and later conceptualised them as divine beings, reflecting a naturalistic rather than creationist worldview. The Vedic attitude towards the environment was grounded in gratitude and respect, indicating a harmonious coexistence with nature. Buddhism presents an ecologically conscious perspective. The Aggañña Sutta asserts that a deity does not create the natural world but emerges through phenomenological processes. The functioning of the world is explained through Sanvatta and Vivatta kappa, emphasising naturalism rather than metaphysics. The Buddha highlighted causal relationships in the environment, underscoring its ecological dimensions. Both philosophies prioritise ecocentrism and holistic thinking over anthropocentrism. In the contemporary era, environmental crises primarily result from human disregard for nature. Therefore, the ecological insights from Vedic and Buddhist teachings remain highly relevant today, offering guidance for sustainable living and a cosmological framework that challenges human-centred approaches to the natural world.