Nuclear Localization of Effector BPE159: A Pivotal Mechanism for Intracellular Persistence of Brucella by Hampering Host Autophagy

<i>Brucella</i> is a neglected foodborne pathogen, which contaminates milk, dairy products, meat, and meat products of infected animals. However, the role of the <i>Brucella</i> putative effector (BPE) protein family, which relies on the type IV secretion system (T4SS) in <i>Brucella abortus</i>, remains unclear. We demonstrated that BPE159 mediates the regulation of host nuclei in autophagy. The host-interacting protein Eci1 was screened using yeast two-hybridization, molecular docking, and immunoprecipitation, and <i>BPE159</i>-deleted (ΔBPE159) and complementary (ΔBPE159-C) strains were constructed by homologous recombination. We evaluated their growth, survival, and replication and measured the expression of autophagy-related cytokine mRNAs in macrophages. BPE159 was localized in the nucleus of host cells and interacted with Eci1 to downregulate the expression of macrophage autophagy factors, thereby inhibiting host autophagy and enabling the persistence of <i>Brucella</i>. These findings highlight the critical role of BPE159 in mediating autophagy through Eci1 in host cells to promote <i>Brucella</i> survival in host cells.