Wheel–rail-induced derailment analysis: a comprehensive literature review of experimental and simulation-based approaches

Abstract This paper offers a comprehensive review of the literature on the role of wheel–rail contact mechanics in train derailments. Using experimental and simulation methods, this review examines various research efforts that analyze how contact forces influence wheel climb and derailment dynamics. The related studies are summarized, and insights are provided on how they have contributed to understanding derailments and enhancing overall rolling stock safety. The review shows significant progress across different specialized areas within the broader topic of derailments. This includes advanced, state-of-the-art testing rigs, high-fidelity models that accurately replicate field conditions, materials that help prevent derailments, and wheel and rail profiles that reduce derailment risks. However, the accuracy of testing and modeling often requires more complex setups, sophisticated data analysis techniques, and greater resources. Despite these advances over the past few decades, further scientific research is necessary to understand better the root causes of events like wheel climb derailments under controlled and repeatable conditions.