Machine Learning for Airborne Electromagnetic Data Inversion: a Bootstrapped Approach

Abstract Aircraft-based surveying to collect airborne electromagnetic data is a key method to image large swaths of the Earth’s surface in pursuit of better knowledge of aquifer systems. Despite many years of advancements, 3D inversion still poses challenges in terms of computational requirements, regularization selection, hyperparameter tuning and real-time inversion. A new approach is introduced for the inversion of airborne electromagnetic data that leverages machine learning to overcome the computational burden of traditional 3D inversion methods, which implicitly includes learned regularization and is applicable in real-time. The method combines 1D inversion results with geostatistical modeling to create tailored training datasets, enabling the development of a specialized neural network that predicts 2D conductivity models from airborne electromagnetic data. This approach requires 3D forward modeling and 1D inversion up front, but no forward modeling during inference. The workflow is applied to the Kaweah Subbasin in California, where it successfully reconstructs conductivity models consistent with real-world data and geological drill hole information. The results highlight the method’s capability to deliver fast and accurate subsurface imaging, offering a valuable tool for groundwater exploration and other near-surface applications.