The Freiburg framework for multimodal ex situ assessment of neural plasticity in human cortical tissue

Studying human cortical physiology requires access to viable brain tissue, yet species-specific differences limit the translational value of animal models. To address this, multiple laboratories have developed ex situ approaches for investigating neurosurgical access tissue using electrophysiological, molecular, and imaging techniques. Here, we introduce the Freiburg framework—a structured, multimodal approach that integrates high-resolution electrophysiology, advanced imaging, molecular analyses, and Raman microscopy to assess neuronal and glial function under controlled, near-native conditions. Clinical metadata, including preoperative MRI, together with in-patient controls is systematically incorporated to account for biological variability and to enable human-to-human translational (H2H) comparisons. The framework further enables controlled neuromodulatory and pharmacological interventions, including ex situ repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). By formalizing an end-to-end experimental pipeline, the Freiburg framework supports systematic investigation of human-specific neurophysiological mechanisms and provides a robust foundation for translational human neuroscience.