Theory as a Map—Scientific Theory as Second-Order Cartography. Neopragmatic Considerations on a Redescription

Abstract From a neopragmatic perspective, this article proposes understanding scientific theory as a form of second-order cartography. The starting point is the observation that although comparing theories with maps is common practice in scientific theory, it usually remains at a metaphorical level. Against this background, central cartographic principles—in particular selection, projection, scale, generalization, symbolic language, purposefulness, and use—are first reconstructed and then interpreted as epistemic operations of a theoretical order. Building on a neopragmatic metatheoretical framework, especially as interpreted by Richard Rorty, theories are understood as contingent, purpose-bound, and revision-open tools of orientation. From this perspective, scientific theory does not appear as an instance of evaluating theories in terms of their truth content or hierarchization, but rather as a reflexive practice of relating different theoretical approaches. The article shows how theoretical pluralism can be understood as a productive resource. It discusses the normative implications of this approach, with a particular focus on usefulness, complementarity, and the expansion of life chances.