Travel behavior and mobility patterns of live-out domestic workers in Centurion, South Africa

Introduction Domestic workers are an essential but often marginalized component of the urban labor force in South Africa, and their daily mobility experiences remain overlooked in urban and transport planning. This study applies spatial mismatch and transport disadvantage theories to analyze how structural inequalities shape the commuting patterns and transport challenges of live-out domestic workers in Centurion. Methods A quantitative research approach was employed, using a structured questionnaire administered to 100 female domestic workers selected through purposive sampling. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with Principal Axis Factoring and Oblimin rotation. Results Regarding travel behavior, the study found a predominant reliance on minibus taxis as the primary mode of transport; on mobility patterns, the results revealed a significant spatial separation between home and work, with most respondents spending more than 40 min on work-related commutes; and the main transport-related challenges included a heavy financial burden, as transport costs are high relative to the typical monthly income earned by domestic workers. Discussion The four key dimensions influencing transport experiences are fear of harassment, perceived travel safety, access and cost constraints, and information and waiting-time constraints. This study advocates for the development of mixed-income housing and increasing the provision of low-income housing within or near higher-income areas. The findings also highlight the need for targeted policies to improve public transport safety, affordability, and accessibility, thereby supporting inclusive urban mobility.