Sustainable 3D-printed concrete: integrating e-waste plastics for enhanced printability, mechanical strength, and long-term durability sets

The construction industry has two sustainability issues: rising electronic waste and high cement production carbon emissions. Traditional e-waste disposal via landfills or cremation leads to long-term contamination, while concrete production significantly contributes to global CO₂ emissions. Despite its material efficiency and design flexibility, 3D concrete printing uses fresh aggregates, reducing its environmental impact sets. Waste plastics have been employed in cementitious materials with poor interfacial bonding, variable rheology, and low mechanical performance. Mix composition and real-time process factors affect extrusion-based 3D printing printability, layer adhesion, and dimensional stability. Waste-derived aggregates are rarely used in 3D-printed concrete which bears loads. Individual optimization algorithms focus on material formulation, print route design, fault identification, or durability modeling. These disorganized techniques miss the interplay between material behavior, process management, and long-term performance. The computational framework to synchronize these factors in sustainable 3D-printed concrete using e-waste polymers is lacking, limiting structural dependability and scalability.