Prison Service Delivery Beyond Lockdown: Lessons Learned from People in Prison and Staff in the Offender Personality Disorders Pathway During COVID-19

The Offender Personality Disorder Pathway (OPDP) in England and Wales supports individuals in prison with complex interpersonal and emotional regulation needs. During the COVID-19 pandemic, this population faced heightened vulnerability, while prison officers encountered health risks, staffing shortages, and increased psychological strain. To explore how people living and working in prison coped under these conditions, 24 people in prison and 10 officers involved in OPDP services across English prisons participated in semi-structured interviews between 2021 and 2023. Using reflexive thematic analysis we generated four themes: (a) From Cohesion to Disconnection; (b) Bridging Divides: Finding Empathy in Crisis; (c) Contrasting Reflections: Growth and Strain; and (d) Support Gaps in Time of Crisis. The pandemic intensified existing challenges, but relational practices in the OPDP helped buffer its worst effects. Findings underscore the importance of trauma-informed communication, reflective leadership, and staff training to sustain relational safety and resilience during future system-wide crises in prison.