Alternative Methods for Bacterial Biofilm Elimination Using Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Currently, one of the most serious threats to public health is the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The situation is complicated by the ability of planktonic bacteria to form bacterial biofilms, which significantly increases bacterial survival during antibiotic therapy. In this regard, the search for innovative approaches to overcome antibiotic resistance is becoming an extremely urgent task. In recent years, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have demonstrated potential for effective and prolonged antibacterial activity and prevention of biofilm formation. The antibacterial activity of nanoparticles is associated with interaction with the cell wall, release of metal ions, and generation of reactive oxygen species, which affect both cell membranes and intracellular structures. The unique optical, magnetic, and thermal properties of nanoparticles can be easily tuned, and multifunctional nanostructures can be created through biofunctionalization, incorporation of antibiotics, bioactive molecules, photosensitizers, and so on. This approach allows obtaining a synergistic effect from all components and significantly reduces/prevents the formation of bacterial biofilms.