Socioeconomic drivers of human Brucellosis in Ningxia, China: A one health and spatiotemporal analysis for targeted intervention

The brucellosis epidemic in Ningxia is characterized by intense spatial clustering and is associated with distinct, lagged effects of livestock production structures coupled with immediate economic influences. The findings underscore that livestock production metrics can serve as effective proxies for risk mapping even in the absence of direct animal infection data. Our study highlights the necessity for a dual-strategy intervention: implementing risk-based veterinary public health measures in high-incidence clusters while leveraging economic development to strengthen long-term prevention and control capacities.