Emergent Quark-Like Internal Structure of the Nucleon from the Ψ–Γ Quartic Functional

We show that a quark-like triplet structure of the nucleon can emerge directly from the spectral properties of a closed quartic variational functional. Starting from the stationarity condition of the functional, a perturbative expansion around the stationary configuration generates a Hessian operator whose structure is determined by a cyclic three-index contraction. This interaction produces a natural Z3Z_3Z3 symmetry in the perturbation space and leads to a circulant Hessian spectrum Spec(H)={1,L,L}\mathrm{Spec}(H)=\{1,L,L\}Spec(H)={1,L,L}, where the structural constant L=0.25L=0.25L=0.25 arises intrinsically from the variational dynamics. The resulting spectrum predicts a fixed internal energy gap ΔE=0.75E⋆\Delta E = 0.75E_\starΔE=0.75E⋆ and a discrete excitation hierarchy En=E⋆(1+nL)E_n = E_\star(1+nL)En=E⋆(1+nL). Using the emergent spatial scale of the stationary configuration, the model reproduces the characteristic nucleon energy scale E⋆≈939 MeVE_\star \approx 939\,\mathrm{MeV}E⋆≈939MeV, a quark-like internal energy scale Eq≈313 MeVE_q \approx 313\,\mathrm{MeV}Eq≈313MeV, and a nucleon radius rN≈0.84 fmr_N \approx 0.84\,\mathrm{fm}rN≈0.84fm. We further show that the triplet configuration is the minimal spectrally stable structure supported by the functional: configurations with p=1p=1p=1 are trivial, p=2p=2p=2 are unstable, while p=3p=3p=3 provides the unique minimal stable solution. Within this framework the nucleon appears as a coherent cyclic oscillation of three dynamically coupled internal modes. The familiar triplet structure usually attributed to constituent quarks therefore emerges naturally from the spectral properties of the underlying variational dynamics.

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-03-16
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19048690
Primary Topic
Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
Type
article
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article

Emergent Quark-Like Internal Structure of the Nucleon from the Ψ–Γ Quartic Functional

Livolsi Edoardo
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
article

Emergent Quark-Like Internal Structure of the Nucleon from the Ψ–Γ Quartic Functional

Livolsi Edoardo
article en

Abstract

We show that a quark-like triplet structure of the nucleon can emerge directly from the spectral properties of a closed quartic variational functional. Starting from the stationarity condition of the functional, a perturbative expansion around the stationary configuration generates a Hessian operator whose structure is determined by a cyclic three-index contraction. This interaction produces a natural Z3Z_3Z3 symmetry in the perturbation space and leads to a circulant Hessian spectrum Spec(H)={1,L,L}\mathrm{Spec}(H)=\{1,L,L\}Spec(H)={1,L,L}, where the structural constant L=0.25L=0.25L=0.25 arises intrinsically from the variational dynamics. The resulting spectrum predicts a fixed internal energy gap ΔE=0.75E⋆\Delta E = 0.75E_\starΔE=0.75E⋆ and a discrete excitation hierarchy En=E⋆(1+nL)E_n = E_\star(1+nL)En=E⋆(1+nL). Using the emergent spatial scale of the stationary configuration, the model reproduces the characteristic nucleon energy scale E⋆≈939 MeVE_\star \approx 939\,\mathrm{MeV}E⋆≈939MeV, a quark-like internal energy scale Eq≈313 MeVE_q \approx 313\,\mathrm{MeV}Eq≈313MeV, and a nucleon radius rN≈0.84 fmr_N \approx 0.84\,\mathrm{fm}rN≈0.84fm. We further show that the triplet configuration is the minimal spectrally stable structure supported by the functional: configurations with p=1p=1p=1 are trivial, p=2p=2p=2 are unstable, while p=3p=3p=3 provides the unique minimal stable solution. Within this framework the nucleon appears as a coherent cyclic oscillation of three dynamically coupled internal modes. The familiar triplet structure usually attributed to constituent quarks therefore emerges naturally from the spectral properties of the underlying variational dynamics.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
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Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
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