MicroRNAs as diagnostic prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary brain tumor and is associated with poor prognosis due to marked molecular heterogeneity and limited efficacy of current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key post transcriptional regulators involved in glioblastoma progression, therapy resistance, and tumor recurrence. This review critically synthesizes recent evidence on dysregulated miRNAs in glioblastoma, with focused emphasis on their validated diagnostic and prognostic relevance. Particular attention is given to circulating miRNAs detected through minimally invasive liquid biopsy platforms, highlighting their potential to complement existing molecular markers. Rather than cataloguing isolated findings, this review prioritizes miRNAs with consistent evidence across studies and discusses their translational applicability in clinical decision making. Current limitations related to methodological variability, tumor heterogeneity, and lack of standardization are also addressed. Overall, this work provides an evidence weighted framework that clarifies the clinical promise and remaining challenges of miRNAs based biomarkers in glioblastoma.