Utilization of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Enterprises Located in Poland

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly shaping enterprise operations, yet evidence remains limited on how firms in Poland acquire AI capabilities, which AI technologies they adopt, and where they apply them functionally. This study examines (i) AI acquisition modes, (ii) types of AI technologies used, and (iii) application areas and assesses how these patterns differ by firm characteristics (size, operating scope, ownership structure, sector, and market experience). Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 118 enterprise representatives in Poland (February–July 2025), of whom 49.15% reported using AI and were included in the detailed usage analysis. Using Ward’s minimum variance method, we identify systematic associations between firm characteristics and AI acquisition choices, technology types, and application domains. The findings suggest that larger, internationally active, and foreign-owned firms tend to combine multiple acquisition sources and report more advanced AI technologies and broader application portfolios, while smaller firms more often rely on ready-made solutions and narrower use cases. This study concludes with practical recommendations for managers regarding staged AI adoption, capability building, and governance.