From mining waste to circular wealth: Serbia’s environmental challenge in a European developing economy

The Serbian mining sector has historically played an important role in the country’s development, but it now faces challenges related to sustainable practices. Serbia is among Europe’s leaders in mining-related material consumption and waste disposal, resulting in significant environmental costs. The technical efficiency of mining activities is very low, funding is limited, and the sector struggles to gain public trust due to weak regulation enforcement and a lack of transparency. Statistical analysis shows that Serbia ranks third in Europe for material footprint per capita, indicating a high dependence on resources without sufficient economic benefits. Penalties for overexploitation are low and do not act as a significant deterrent. Current revenues from mining account for only 3–7% of the national budget, which is insufficient to prevent overexploitation. Foreign investment in Serbian mining can generate capital and create jobs; however, it often fails to improve environmental standards or ensure a fair distribution of benefits. The growing influence of foreign investors has significantly shaped Serbia’s mining policy, highlighting the tension between economic growth and environmental responsibility. Inconsistent regulation enforcement and low mineral rents raise concerns that Serbia may attract outdated technologies with significant environmental impact. The current situation in the Serbian mining sector has failed to ensure equitable distribution of resource wealth and responsible management. Modernisation of the sector and a transition to a circular economy are crucial. Investment in raw material processing, recycling, and innovation must continue to minimise environmental impact and improve economic efficiency.