Spin-Charge-Induced Scalarization of Kerr–Newman Black Holes in the Einstein–Maxwell-Scalar Theory with Scalar Potential

We investigate the spin-charge-induced scalarization of Kerr–Newman (KN) black holes in the Einstein–Maxwell-scalar (EMS) theory with a scalar potential and positive coupling parameter. In the linearized theory, there exists a bound of 0<a<ao with onset spin ac for the negative region signaling instability by analyzing the effective scalar mass term in the θ-direction. Solving the (2 + 1)-dimensional evolution equation numerically, we find the region where the KN black hole becomes unstable, giving rise to scalarized KN black holes. The threshold curve for representing the boundary between stable and unstable KN black holes depends on charge Q, scalar mass mϕ, coupling parameter α, and spin parameter a with upper bound a2≤M2−Q2.