Optimal operation of coordinated transmission and distribution networks considering multi-type flexible resource aggregation

Introduction The large-scale integration of distributed renewable energy increases operational uncertainty in power systems, thereby imposing higher requirements on the security, flexibility, and load support capability of coordinated transmission and distribution (T&D) networks. Methods This study develops an optimization model for coordinated T&D networks considering the aggregation of diverse flexible resources. The flexibility of controllable regulation resources, semi-controllable regulation resources, and various types of loads is systematically modeled to capture the heterogeneity of regulation capabilities. Typical failure scenarios of regulation resources and transmission lines are further incorporated to construct a joint probabilistic framework, and the risk of load loss is quantified using a conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) metric. Results and Discussion Case studies demonstrate that enhanced coordination between transmission and distribution networks significantly reduces total load shedding and improves system operational resilience under uncertainty.