Theranostic lipid polymeric nanostructures: a novel technique for blood-brain barrier penetration using a biomimetic approach

Introduction: The treatment of brain disorders remains a major challenge due to the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts drug delivery to the brain. Conventional therapies are non-specific and cannot be monitored in real time to optimise treatment. This review explores the potential of theranostic lipid nanostructures for targeted drug delivery to the brain and real-time imaging of therapeutic efficacy. Methods: Recent studies on the design, functionalisation, and application of lipid nanostructures for brain-targeted delivery were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on receptor-mediated transport (RMT), surface functionalisation with ligands or peptides, and the encapsulation of drugs alongside imaging functionalities. Results: Lipid-based nanoparticles are biocompatible and biodegradable, making them suitable carriers for brain-targeted drugs. The immobilisation of targeting molecules enhances BBB traversal and delivery specificity. These nanostructures also enable real-time imaging, allowing sequential monitoring of drug distribution and therapeutic response. Challenges remain, including large-scale production, long-term safety, stability, and regulatory approval. Discussion: Theranostic lipid nanostructures offer a promising patient-centred approach for treating neurological disorders. Their combination of precise drug delivery and imaging support aligns with the goals of precision medicine. Translating these technologies from bench to bedside requires addressing manufacturing, reproducibility, safety, and cost-related challenges through interdisciplinary research and regulatory alignment. Conclusion: Theranostic lipid nanostructures represent a significant advancement in braintargeted therapeutics, providing safer, more effective, and personalised treatment options for complex neurological conditions.