An Exact Arithmetic Invariant Linking the Kaprekar Constants 495 and 6174

This note presents an exact arithmetic invariant linking the Kaprekar constants 495 and 6174 through factorization and ratio analysis. The result reveals a rigid structural relation between the unique fixed points of the 3-digit and 4-digit Kaprekar routines, independent of the classical iterative process. To the best of the author's knowledge, this invariant relation does not appear in the existing literature. The work highlights a direct arithmetic correspondence that may contribute to the structural understanding of Kaprekar constants in recreational number theory.

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Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-03-15
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19037232
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Varied Academic Research Topics
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article
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article

An Exact Arithmetic Invariant Linking the Kaprekar Constants 495 and 6174

Laurent Bucher
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Varied Academic Research Topics
article

An Exact Arithmetic Invariant Linking the Kaprekar Constants 495 and 6174

Laurent Bucher
article en

Abstract

This note presents an exact arithmetic invariant linking the Kaprekar constants 495 and 6174 through factorization and ratio analysis. The result reveals a rigid structural relation between the unique fixed points of the 3-digit and 4-digit Kaprekar routines, independent of the classical iterative process. To the best of the author's knowledge, this invariant relation does not appear in the existing literature. The work highlights a direct arithmetic correspondence that may contribute to the structural understanding of Kaprekar constants in recreational number theory.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
University of Neuchâtel (CH)
Openalex Percentile: Top 22%
Varied Academic Research Topics
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