Synthesis of α-, β-, and γ-Amino Acids via the Photochemical and Electrochemical Carboxylation with CO2

To address the escalating greenhouse effect driven by anthropogenic CO2 emissions, innovative strategies for CO2 utilization are required. The synthesis of amino acids from CO2 as a C1 building block is particularly attractive, given that these molecules are pivotal to both biological systems and synthetic chemistry as versatile synthons. Photochemical and electrochemical methods that leverage sustainable energy sources have recently emerged as powerful platforms for such valorizations. This review summarizes recent advances in the photochemical and electrochemical carboxylation with CO2 to access amino acids, including mechanisms, applications, and limitations. Finally, the persistent challenges and prospects of this burgeoning field are outlined. 1. Introduction 2. Synthesis of α-amino acids 3. Synthesis of β-amino acids 4. Synthesis of γ-amino acids 5. Conclusions