Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Evaluation against Selected Pathogens of the Ethanolic Stem Extract of Musa velutina H.Wendl. & Drude

Introduction:: Musa velutina H.Wendl. & Drude, a wild banana species with underexplored medicinal potential, was evaluated for its pharmacognostic, phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties using ethanolic stem extract. Methods:: Pharmacognostic and physicochemical parameters were assessed, followed by qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by the DPPH radical scavenging assay. FTIR spectroscopy was employed to identify functional groups, and antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the agar well diffusion method. Results:: The extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, glycosides, saponins, and proteins. High phenolic (138.23 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (290.33 mg QE/g) contents were recorded. The extract demonstrated strong antioxidant potential (IC50 ≈ 1.00 μg/mL). FTIR analysis revealed hydroxyl, carbonyl, and aromatic groups consistent with bioactive phytoconstituents. Antibacterial screening showed no inhibition against E. coli, while moderate, dose-dependent activity was observed against S. aureus (maximum zone of inhibition 11.5 mm at 1000 μg/disc). discussion: The extract’s potent antioxidant activity is attributable to its rich polyphenolic composition, as supported by both chemical assays and FTIR analysis. Selective antibacterial activity suggests that the extract may be more effective against Gram-positive organisms. The findings affirm the therapeutic relevance of the plant's stem, which has remained underexplored compared to other parts. Discussion:: The antioxidant potential is attributable to rich polyphenolic content, while selective antibacterial effects highlight differential susceptibility between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These findings align with reports on other Musa species and extend knowledge by documenting the pharmacognostic and bioactive profile of the stem of Musa velutina H.Wendl. & Drude. Conclusion:: The ethanolic stem extract of Musa velutina H.Wendl. & Drude is a promising source of natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents against Gram-positive bacteria, warranting further in vivo and bioassay-guided investigations.