Integrated Photocatalytic and Advanced Oxidation Strategies for Organic Pollutant Degradation

The increasing prevalence of organic pollutants in aquatic systems poses a significant threat to ecosystems and human health. Conventional wastewater treatment methods are often insufficient for complete removal, especially for persistent and emerging contaminants such as dyes, pharmaceuticals, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Integrated photocatalytic and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as effective strategies for the degradation and mineralization of these pollutants. This review examines the fundamentals of AOPs, photocatalysis mechanisms, and the synergistic integration of these technologies. The paper also highlights the role of catalyst materials, modification strategies, and operational factors in optimizing system performance. Applications in the treatment of dye-containing wastewater, pharmaceutical residues, and industrial effluents are discussed, along with challenges related to catalyst stability, energy consumption, and by-product formation. The review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research, guiding future advancements toward sustainable and efficient water treatment solutions.