Vanadium speciation in environmental and geological matrices: state-of-the-art analytical techniques and global research trends

The redox sensitivity, mobility, and possible toxicity of vanadium, a transition metal with various oxidation states, makes it an essential component of environmental and geochemical systems. This review offers a thorough analysis of vanadium speciation in geological and environmental samples, highlighting the use of cutting-edge analytical methods for precise identification and measurement. Important techniques like X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), voltametric methods, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and ion chromatography (IC) are examined in terms of their sensitivity, selectivity, and suitability for various matrices. A global bibliometric study of vanadium speciation research from 2019 to 2025 is also presented in the review, with an emphasis on growth trends, research partnerships, and subject hotspots. Key findings show a shift from traditional total metal analysis towards advanced speciation-focused studies, driven by increasing interest in vanadium's environmental fate, bioavailability, and recovery from secondary resources such as mine tailings and industrial effluents. Despite recent advancements, issues with matrix interferences, method standardization, and the paucity of information on vanadium speciation in poor nations still exist. Critical research gaps are highlighted in this study, along with suggestions for future initiatives to standardize analytical procedures and promote sustainable monitoring and recovery plans. • Reviews vanadium speciation in environmental and geological systems. • Summarizes key analytical techniques for vanadium oxidation states. • Evaluates method sensitivity, selectivity, and applicability. • Highlights advance in hyphenated and microanalytical methods. • Outlines global trends in vanadium mobility and environmental behaviour. • Identifies major analytical challenges and limitations.