The Pygmalion effect in surgical training—how labeling and expectations affect trainees: a narrative review

Expectation effects represent a powerful but modifiable influence within surgical education. Training programs should cultivate growth-oriented expectations for all learners, minimize prejudicial labeling in assessment and handover processes, and design remediation pathways that support rather than stigmatize struggling trainees. Creating a culture that emphasizes coaching, transparency, and psychological safety is likely to improve trainee development, well-being, and patient care.