Multi-scale particle image velocimetry for respiratory flows and comparison with numerical simulations

This work presents a multi-scale experimental validation framework using macro- and micro-scale Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Rigid bifurcation models are fabricated using high-resolution DLP 3D printing. Flow fields are analyzed under steady and unsteady conditions, including high-frequency flow (Wo = 4.3) and low-Reynolds microflows. Comparisons of velocity profiles demonstrated agreement between experimental measurements and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) results.