Structural characterization and mapping of sub-surface features in the Dungash gold deposit, Egypt using integrated geophysical datasets

Abstract Airborne geophysical and satellite-based remote sensing datasets are widely recognized as effective tools for mineral exploration, particularly for mapping structural and lithological variations in complex geological terranes. In this study, aeromagnetic data were integrated with Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery and ALOS PALSAR radar data to investigate the surface and subsurface geology of the Dungash region. The aeromagnetic dataset was processed to delineate magnetic lineaments, identify subsurface structural boundaries, and estimate basement depth variations. Remote sensing analyses highlighted major lithological units and surface structural trends, enabling a refined understanding of geological relationships. A key contribution of this work is the application of the Hyperbolic Tangent Function (HTF) as a novel edge detection technique on both synthetic and observed magnetic data. Compared to conventional derivative-based filters, the HTF provided clearer structural boundaries with reduced noise sensitivity and fewer false anomalies, resulting in more reliable interpretation. Three-dimensional magnetic modeling, supported by 3D Euler deconvolution and tilt-depth estimates, suggested that the basement occurs at depths ranging from approximately 581 to 946 m. The dominant tectonic trends identified include NNW-SSE, NNE-SSW, N-S, NE-SW, NW–SE, and E-W, corresponding to major regional tectonic systems such as the Red Sea, Gulf of Suez, and Gulf of Aqaba trends. Remote sensing textural measures effectively distinguished heterogeneous Precambrian basement rocks from more homogeneous sedimentary units, while band ratio composites highlighted lithological contrasts and unconformity surfaces. The integrated approach significantly enhances geological interpretation and provides a robust framework for guiding mineral exploration in the Dungash region.