Maternal Risk Factors Associated with Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis: An Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Centre in Central India

Abstract Background: Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) remains a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Maternal infections and intrapartum complications play a pivotal role in the occurrence of EONS. This study aimed to identify maternal risk factors associated with early-onset neonatal sepsis in a tertiary care setting in Central India. Methods: This observational study was conducted over 18 months in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal. Mothers whose neonates were diagnosed with early-onset sepsis were included. Maternal demographic, obstetric, and clinical parameters were analyzed. Key maternal risk factors were identified using descriptive analysis. Results: A total of 170 mother–neonate pairs were included. The majority of mothers were aged 20–30 years, and most were multigravida. Prolonged rupture of membranes (≥18 hours) was observed in 32.9% of cases, pre-term birth in 47.1%, cesarean section associated in 47.6% and meconium-stained amniotic fluid in 17.6%. Male gender (61.8%) and low birth weight (<2500 g; 70%) were common neonatal findings. Blood culture positivity was 20.6%, with Staphylococcus aureus being the predominant organism. Significant associations were found between EONS and maternal factors such as PROM, prolonged labor, and reduced ANC visits. Conclusion: Prolonged rupture of membranes, pre-term birth and inadequate antenatal care were key maternal determinants of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Improved antenatal care and timely intrapartum interventions can reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality associated with EONS.