Epilepsy: Modern Treatment Approaches, Clinical Aspects, and Patent Status

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder causing recurrent seizures. Improved diagnosis and management, including high-resolution imaging, genetic testing, and newer antiepileptic drugs with better efficacy and fewer side effects, have enhanced patient outcomes. For those who do not respond well to medication, surgeries like temporal lobe resection, corpus callosotomy, and laser interstitial thermal therapy are effective. Treatments that alter brain communication, such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), and Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS), also help control seizures. Precision medicine chooses the right treatment for each person based on specific biomarkers. Artificial intelligence helps predict seizures and refine treatment plans. Nanotechnology improves how drugs reach the brain and controls their release. These advances integrate medicine, surgery, and technology to provide personalized treatments, improving outcomes for those with epilepsy. Finally, dietary treatments, such as the ketogenic diet and modified Atkins diet, have been successful in reducing seizure activity, especially in children. Additionally, new studies on plant-based treatments have found that several medicinal herbs have antiepileptic properties. This suggests there may be natural alternatives to pharmaceutical drugs. These broad-based advances are a step toward an even broader and more tailored approach to epilepsy treatment, integrating pharmacologic, surgical, and technological progress. Upcoming trials and research must further develop these treatments, holding out new hope for epilepsy sufferers and further enhancing the long-term outlook. This systematic review points to paradigm-breaking progress in the treatment of epilepsy that has revolutionized therapeutic trends from 2001 to 2025. By synthesizing evidence of pharmacological innovation, surgical advancement, neuromodulation innovation, and precision medicine approaches, we seek to bridge crucial knowledge gaps between state-of-the-art research and clinical practice.