Evidence-based review and clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of common oral mucosal lesions

Oral mucosal lesions are a common but diagnostically complex clinical challenge in general dental practice, comprising conditions from benign ulcers to potentially malignant disorders and systemic presentations. Early diagnosis and evidence-based management are crucial to prevent complications, including malignant changes. This review provided a practical protocol for the diagnosis and management of oral mucosal lesions for general dental practitioners. Drawing from National Health Service guidelines and retrieved literature <i>via</i> PubMed and Scopus, the findings were synthesized into structured clinical tables outlining diagnostic pathways, first-line and escalated treatment options, and referral criteria. The framework enables classification by clinical appearance and anatomical site, integrating pharmacological therapies with validated herbal agents such as Nigella sativa, honey, chamomile, and <i>Aloe vera</i> for their mucosal healing properties. An emphasis was placed on differentiating clinically similar conditions and addressing neuropathic disorders like burning mouth syndrome with agents such as amitriptyline. The current review advocated for an evidence-based, stepwise approach that enhances diagnostic accuracy, optimizes treatment outcomes, and aids safe, timely referrals in the management of oral mucosal lesions.