Holomorphic dependence for the Beltrami equation in Sobolev spaces

We prove that, given a family of Beltrami forms on <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-struck upper C"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbb {C}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L Superscript normal infinity"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∞ </mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">L^\infty</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> norm at most <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="eta greater-than 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> η </mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\eta &gt;1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and that live in and vary holomorphically in the Sobolev space <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper W Subscript normal l normal o normal c Superscript l comma normal infinity Baseline left-parenthesis normal upper Omega right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">c</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>l</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∞ </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Ω </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">W_{\mathrm {loc}}^{l,\infty }(\Omega )</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> of an open subset <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="normal upper Omega subset-of double-struck upper C"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Ω </mml:mi> <mml:mo> ⊂ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Omega \subset \mathbb {C}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , the canonical solutions to the Beltrami equation vary holomorphically in <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper W Subscript normal l normal o normal c Superscript l plus 1 comma p Baseline left-parenthesis normal upper Omega right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">c</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>l</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Ω </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">W_{\mathrm {loc}}^{l+1,p}(\Omega )</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , for some <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="p equals p left-parenthesis eta right-parenthesis greater-than 2"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi> η </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p=p(\eta )&gt;2</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . This extends a foundational result of Ahlfors and Bers (the case <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="l equals 0"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>l</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">l=0</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> ). As an application, we deduce that Bers metrics depend holomorphically on their input data.

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Journal
Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
Published
2026-03-13
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1090/proc/17402
Primary Topic
Analytic and geometric function theory
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article
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article

Holomorphic dependence for the Beltrami equation in Sobolev spaces

Nathaniel Sagman, Christian El Emam
Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
Analytic and geometric function theory
article

Holomorphic dependence for the Beltrami equation in Sobolev spaces

Nathaniel Sagman, Christian El Emam
article en

Abstract

We prove that, given a family of Beltrami forms on <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-struck upper C"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbb {C}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L Superscript normal infinity"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∞ </mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">L^\infty</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> norm at most <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="eta greater-than 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> η </mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\eta &gt;1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and that live in and vary holomorphically in the Sobolev space <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper W Subscript normal l normal o normal c Superscript l comma normal infinity Baseline left-parenthesis normal upper Omega right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">c</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>l</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∞ </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Ω </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">W_{\mathrm {loc}}^{l,\infty }(\Omega )</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> of an open subset <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="normal upper Omega subset-of double-struck upper C"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Ω </mml:mi> <mml:mo> ⊂ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Omega \subset \mathbb {C}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , the canonical solutions to the Beltrami equation vary holomorphically in <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper W Subscript normal l normal o normal c Superscript l plus 1 comma p Baseline left-parenthesis normal upper Omega right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">c</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>l</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Ω </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">W_{\mathrm {loc}}^{l+1,p}(\Omega )</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , for some <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="p equals p left-parenthesis eta right-parenthesis greater-than 2"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi> η </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p=p(\eta )&gt;2</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . This extends a foundational result of Ahlfors and Bers (the case <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="l equals 0"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>l</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">l=0</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> ). As an application, we deduce that Bers metrics depend holomorphically on their input data.

Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
University of Luxembourg (LU)
Openalex Percentile: Top 19%
Analytic and geometric function theory
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