Nanoparticle-plant interactions: Uptake, transport, physiological effects, and environmental implications

• Explores NP-plant interactions, addressing ecological concerns and knowledge gaps in their uptake, translocation, and dual role as growth promoters and toxicants. • Systematically integrates current knowledge, identifying key factors governing NP-plant interactions, especially in deposition-translocation dynamics and long-term effects. • Provides a critical basis for the safe, sustainable use of agro-nanotechnology, highlighting molecular research for designing effective nano-agrochemicals. While advances in nanotechnology have enabled transformative applications across various sectors, the widespread use of nanoparticles raises significant ecological concerns. Nanoparticles can enter plants via foliar uptake or root absorption, with systemic translocation mechanisms remaining a critical area of research. These processes are influenced by species-specific factors, application methods, dosage, and nanoparticle properties. The dual role of nanoparticles, ranging from growth stimulation to phytotoxicity, is still not fully understood. Major knowledge gaps persist regarding deposition-translocation dynamics, and the lack of standardized safety assessment frameworks continues to hinder nanomaterial innovation. This review comprehensively examines the mechanisms of nanoparticle-plant interactions, including nanoparticles uptake, internal transport, physiological effects, applications on pest, and environmental implications. Addressing these aspects is essential for robust environmental risk assessment and the promotion of safe and sustainable nanotechnology applications. Classification, surface deposition, and internal transport of NPs in plants