Global distribution, pathogen spectrum, and invasion potential of Hyalomma anatolicum at the human-livestock interface: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and ecological niche modeling

Hyalomma anatolicum is an efficient vector at the human-livestock interface, yet its global ecological profile remains insufficiently defined. This study provides a comprehensive analysis by integrating data from a systematic review, meta-analysis, and ecological niche modeling (ENM) to reveal its distribution, host associations, pathogen spectrum, and expansion potential. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we systematically searched international literature databases and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) for records up to April 2024. We mapped the global distribution of H. anatolicum and associated pathogens, identified key environmental determinants using machine learning, and projected potential invasion risks. Our findings showed that the distribution of H. anatolicum was predominantly clustered within anthropogenic landscapes, specifically urban and agricultural zones, creating a direct interface for zoonotic transmission. We demonstrated a specialized association with domestic livestock, particularly cattle, which anchored the vector's dispersal to global husbandry and trade systems rather than wildlife cycles. H. anatolicum was identified as a pathogen-rich vector harboring at least 66 microbial species, including high-prevalence pathogens such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and Theileria annulata . The spatial overlap between pathogen hotspots in H. anatolicum and its hosts and national human case reports confirms its role as a key zoonotic vector. Furthermore, ENM projections identified extensive suitable habitats in non-endemic regions, including parts of Australia and the western and eastern United States, driven by land cover and temperature. Transboundary One Health surveillance and livestock-focused control strategies for H. anatolicum should be strengthened to mitigate its global expansion. • Hyalomma anatolicum Concentrated in human-dominated landscapes (urban & agricultural). • 66 species of microbes could be carried by H. anatolicum , posing a dual threat to public health and the livestock economy. • Ecological niche models warn of its High invasion risk to new regions (e.g., Australia, the western and eastern United States)—an emerging global biosecurity threat.