Research on patient-facing chatbots based on large language models in the care of older people: a living systematic review
Few studies report on patient-facing LLM chatbots in the care of older people. Most studies utilized qualitative methods. No study evaluated the clinical or cost-effectiveness of chatbots, and there were no studies conducted while the chatbot was fully implemented within clinical workflows. This indicates the research is still in its early exploratory phases. This living review will be updated periodically to follow developments in the field.
Authors
- Jacob Johnson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0290-858X)
- Marco René Spruit (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9237-221X)
- Yvonne M. Drewes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3831-393X)
- Frederiek van den Bos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1426-3509)
- Armel E. J. L. Lefebvre
- Bram van Dijk
- Tiberon Kuiper
- Jacobijn Gussekloo
- Simon P. Mooijaart
- Jan J. Duin
Institutions
- Leiden University (NL)
- University of Applied Sciences Leiden (NL)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
Publication Details
- Journal
- European Geriatric Medicine
- Published
- 2026-03-13
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-026-01454-6
- Primary Topic
- Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Universiteit Leiden
- Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum