Object-Centric Process Mining of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Workflows: Identifying Bottlenecks and Optimization Opportunities

OCPM enables multi-perspective insights invisible to traditional case-centric approaches. While intraoperative phases function efficiently, preoperative scheduling and postoperative discharge represent primary bottlenecks. The high ICU admission rate (31.6%) likely reflects institutional case mix and data classification practices rather than true critical care needs. Targeted interventions addressing preoperative scheduling optimization, discharge bottlenecks, and real-time monitoring could substantially improve surgical throughput.