Understanding damp-heat-induced degradation in perovskite solar cells towards successful field installation: A comprehensive review

Despite their high efficiency and low cost of production, perovskite solar cells' (PSCs') limited stability is still a major problem. One of the most rigorous and practical ways to investigate combined heat and moisture effects is the damp heat (DH) test, which is conducted at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity. The latest findings on the degradation of PSCs under DH conditions are compiled in this review. In addition to highlighting the part played by multiple stresses acting in concert and encapsulation failure, it describes the chemical and physical changes that take place in the perovskite layer, at interfaces, and at electrodes. The main strategies—including interfacial modification, additive engineering, and encapsulation design—as well as diagnostic instruments for tracking DH-induced degradation are covered. Overall, this paper provides a modernised and streamlined outlook of DH-related issues and solutions towards enhancing the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells for real-world applications.